711 lines
16 KiB
HTML
711 lines
16 KiB
HTML
<!doctype html>
|
||
<html lang="en">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
|
||
<title>The Wealth of Networks</title>
|
||
<meta name="description" content="The long-running and erratically updated blog of Kathleen Fitzpatrick.">
|
||
<link rel="alternate" href="feed/feed.xml" type="application/atom+xml" title="kfitz">
|
||
<script async="" src="https://talk.hyvor.com/embed/embed.js" type="module"></script>
|
||
<link rel="webmention" href="https://webmention.io/kfitz.info/webmention">
|
||
<link rel="pingback" href="https://webmention.io/kfitz.info/xmlrpc">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<style>/**
|
||
* okaidia theme for JavaScript, CSS and HTML
|
||
* Loosely based on Monokai textmate theme by http://www.monokai.nl/
|
||
* @author ocodia
|
||
*/
|
||
|
||
code[class*="language-"],
|
||
pre[class*="language-"] {
|
||
color: #f8f8f2;
|
||
background: none;
|
||
text-shadow: 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
|
||
font-family: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace;
|
||
font-size: 1em;
|
||
text-align: left;
|
||
white-space: pre;
|
||
word-spacing: normal;
|
||
word-break: normal;
|
||
word-wrap: normal;
|
||
line-height: 1.5;
|
||
|
||
-moz-tab-size: 4;
|
||
-o-tab-size: 4;
|
||
tab-size: 4;
|
||
|
||
-webkit-hyphens: none;
|
||
-moz-hyphens: none;
|
||
-ms-hyphens: none;
|
||
hyphens: none;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Code blocks */
|
||
pre[class*="language-"] {
|
||
padding: 1em;
|
||
margin: .5em 0;
|
||
overflow: auto;
|
||
border-radius: 0.3em;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
:not(pre) > code[class*="language-"],
|
||
pre[class*="language-"] {
|
||
background: #272822;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Inline code */
|
||
:not(pre) > code[class*="language-"] {
|
||
padding: .1em;
|
||
border-radius: .3em;
|
||
white-space: normal;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.comment,
|
||
.token.prolog,
|
||
.token.doctype,
|
||
.token.cdata {
|
||
color: #8292a2;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.punctuation {
|
||
color: #f8f8f2;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.namespace {
|
||
opacity: .7;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.property,
|
||
.token.tag,
|
||
.token.constant,
|
||
.token.symbol,
|
||
.token.deleted {
|
||
color: #f92672;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.boolean,
|
||
.token.number {
|
||
color: #ae81ff;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.selector,
|
||
.token.attr-name,
|
||
.token.string,
|
||
.token.char,
|
||
.token.builtin,
|
||
.token.inserted {
|
||
color: #a6e22e;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.operator,
|
||
.token.entity,
|
||
.token.url,
|
||
.language-css .token.string,
|
||
.style .token.string,
|
||
.token.variable {
|
||
color: #f8f8f2;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.atrule,
|
||
.token.attr-value,
|
||
.token.function,
|
||
.token.class-name {
|
||
color: #e6db74;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.keyword {
|
||
color: #66d9ef;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.regex,
|
||
.token.important {
|
||
color: #fd971f;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.important,
|
||
.token.bold {
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
}
|
||
.token.italic {
|
||
font-style: italic;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.token.entity {
|
||
cursor: help;
|
||
}
|
||
/*
|
||
* New diff- syntax
|
||
*/
|
||
|
||
pre[class*="language-diff-"] {
|
||
--eleventy-code-padding: 1.25em;
|
||
padding-left: var(--eleventy-code-padding);
|
||
padding-right: var(--eleventy-code-padding);
|
||
}
|
||
.token.deleted {
|
||
background-color: hsl(0, 51%, 37%);
|
||
color: inherit;
|
||
}
|
||
.token.inserted {
|
||
background-color: hsl(126, 31%, 39%);
|
||
color: inherit;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Make the + and - characters unselectable for copy/paste */
|
||
.token.prefix.unchanged,
|
||
.token.prefix.inserted,
|
||
.token.prefix.deleted {
|
||
-webkit-user-select: none;
|
||
user-select: none;
|
||
display: inline-flex;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
justify-content: center;
|
||
padding-top: 2px;
|
||
padding-bottom: 2px;
|
||
}
|
||
.token.prefix.inserted,
|
||
.token.prefix.deleted {
|
||
width: var(--eleventy-code-padding);
|
||
background-color: rgba(0,0,0,.2);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Optional: full-width background color */
|
||
.token.inserted:not(.prefix),
|
||
.token.deleted:not(.prefix) {
|
||
display: block;
|
||
margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--eleventy-code-padding));
|
||
margin-right: calc(-1 * var(--eleventy-code-padding));
|
||
text-decoration: none; /* override del, ins, mark defaults */
|
||
color: inherit; /* override del, ins, mark defaults */
|
||
}
|
||
/* This is an arbitrary CSS string added to the bundle */
|
||
/* Defaults */
|
||
@font-face {
|
||
font-family: "Atkinson Hyperlegible";
|
||
src: url('/css/files/atkinson-hyperlegible-latin-400-normal.woff2') format('woff2');
|
||
font-display: swap;
|
||
}
|
||
@font-face {
|
||
font-family: "Atkinson Hyperlegible";
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
src: url('/css/files/atkinson-hyperlegible-latin-700-normal.woff2') format('woff2');
|
||
font-display: swap;
|
||
}
|
||
@font-face {
|
||
font-family: "Atkinson Hyperlegible";
|
||
font-style: italic
|
||
src: url('/css/files/atkinson-hyperlegible-latin-400-italic.woff2') format('woff2');
|
||
font-display: swap;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
:root {
|
||
--font-family: "Atkinson Hyperlegible", -apple-system, system-ui, sans-serif;
|
||
--font-family-monospace: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, Andale Mono WT, Andale Mono, Lucida Console, Lucida Sans Typewriter, DejaVu Sans Mono, Bitstream Vera Sans Mono, Liberation Mono, Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, Courier, monospace;
|
||
font-size: 18px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Theme colors */
|
||
:root {
|
||
--color-gray-20: #e0e0e0;
|
||
--color-gray-50: #C0C0C0;
|
||
--color-gray-90: #333;
|
||
|
||
--background-color: #fff;
|
||
|
||
--text-color: var(--color-gray-90);
|
||
--text-color-link: #d61d4a;
|
||
--text-color-link-active: #853439;
|
||
--text-color-link-visited: #e8325e;
|
||
|
||
--syntax-tab-size: 2;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
|
||
:root {
|
||
--color-gray-20: #e0e0e0;
|
||
--color-gray-50: #C0C0C0;
|
||
--color-gray-90: #dad8d8;
|
||
|
||
/* --text-color is assigned to --color-gray-_ above */
|
||
--text-color-link: #1493fb;
|
||
--text-color-link-active: #6969f7;
|
||
--text-color-link-visited: #a6a6f8;
|
||
|
||
--background-color: #15202b;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
|
||
/* Global stylesheet */
|
||
* {
|
||
box-sizing: border-box;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
@view-transition {
|
||
navigation: auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
html,
|
||
body {
|
||
padding: 0;
|
||
margin: 0 auto;
|
||
font-family: var(--font-family);
|
||
color: var(--text-color);
|
||
background-color: var(--background-color);
|
||
}
|
||
html {
|
||
overflow-y: scroll;
|
||
}
|
||
body {
|
||
max-width: 40em;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* https://www.a11yproject.com/posts/how-to-hide-content/ */
|
||
.visually-hidden {
|
||
clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
|
||
clip-path: inset(50%);
|
||
height: 1px;
|
||
overflow: hidden;
|
||
position: absolute;
|
||
white-space: nowrap;
|
||
width: 1px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
p:last-child {
|
||
margin-bottom: 0;
|
||
}
|
||
p {
|
||
line-height: 1.5;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
li {
|
||
line-height: 1.5;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
a[href] {
|
||
color: var(--text-color-link);
|
||
}
|
||
a[href]:visited {
|
||
color: var(--text-color-link-visited);
|
||
}
|
||
a[href]:hover,
|
||
a[href]:active {
|
||
color: var(--text-color-link-active);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
main,
|
||
footer {
|
||
padding: 1rem;
|
||
}
|
||
main :first-child {
|
||
margin-top: 0;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
header {
|
||
border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--color-gray-20);
|
||
}
|
||
header:after {
|
||
content: "";
|
||
display: table;
|
||
clear: both;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
footer {
|
||
border-top: 1px dashed var(--color-gray-50);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.links-nextprev {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
justify-content: space-between;
|
||
gap: .5em 1em;
|
||
list-style: "";
|
||
border-top: 1px dashed var(--color-gray-20);
|
||
padding: 1em 0;
|
||
}
|
||
.links-nextprev > * {
|
||
flex-grow: 1;
|
||
}
|
||
.links-nextprev-next {
|
||
text-align: right;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
table {
|
||
margin: 1em 0;
|
||
}
|
||
table td,
|
||
table th {
|
||
padding-right: 1em;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
pre,
|
||
code {
|
||
font-family: var(--font-family-monospace);
|
||
}
|
||
pre:not([class*="language-"]) {
|
||
margin: .5em 0;
|
||
line-height: 1.375; /* 22px /16 */
|
||
-moz-tab-size: var(--syntax-tab-size);
|
||
-o-tab-size: var(--syntax-tab-size);
|
||
tab-size: var(--syntax-tab-size);
|
||
-webkit-hyphens: none;
|
||
-ms-hyphens: none;
|
||
hyphens: none;
|
||
direction: ltr;
|
||
text-align: left;
|
||
white-space: pre;
|
||
word-spacing: normal;
|
||
word-break: normal;
|
||
overflow-x: auto;
|
||
}
|
||
code {
|
||
word-break: break-all;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Header */
|
||
header {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
gap: 1em .5em;
|
||
flex-wrap: wrap;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
padding: 1em;
|
||
}
|
||
.home-link {
|
||
font-size: 1.5em; /* 16px /16 */
|
||
font-weight: 700;
|
||
margin-right: 2em;
|
||
}
|
||
.home-link:link:not(:hover) {
|
||
text-decoration: none;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Nav */
|
||
.nav {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
padding: 0;
|
||
margin: 0;
|
||
list-style: none;
|
||
}
|
||
.nav-item {
|
||
display: inline-block;
|
||
margin-right: 1em;
|
||
}
|
||
.nav-item a[href]:not(:hover) {
|
||
text-decoration: none;
|
||
}
|
||
.nav a[href][aria-current="page"] {
|
||
text-decoration: underline;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Posts list */
|
||
.postlist {
|
||
list-style: none;
|
||
padding: 0;
|
||
padding-left: 1.5rem;
|
||
}
|
||
.postlist-item {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
flex-wrap: wrap;
|
||
align-items: baseline;
|
||
counter-increment: start-from -1;
|
||
margin-bottom: 1em;
|
||
}
|
||
.postlist-item:before {
|
||
display: inline-block;
|
||
pointer-events: none;
|
||
content: "" counter(start-from, decimal-leading-zero) ". ";
|
||
line-height: 100%;
|
||
text-align: right;
|
||
margin-left: -1.5rem;
|
||
}
|
||
.postlist-date,
|
||
.postlist-item:before {
|
||
font-size: 0.8125em; /* 13px /16 */
|
||
color: var(--color-gray-90);
|
||
}
|
||
.postlist-date {
|
||
word-spacing: -0.5px;
|
||
}
|
||
.postlist-link {
|
||
font-size: 1.1875em; /* 19px /16 */
|
||
font-weight: 700;
|
||
flex-basis: calc(100% - 1.5rem);
|
||
padding-left: .25em;
|
||
padding-right: .5em;
|
||
text-underline-position: from-font;
|
||
text-underline-offset: 0;
|
||
text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
|
||
}
|
||
.postlist-item-active .postlist-link {
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Archive list */
|
||
.archivelist {
|
||
padding: 0;
|
||
padding-left: 2.5rem;
|
||
}
|
||
.archivelist-item {
|
||
align-items: baseline;
|
||
margin-bottom: 1em;
|
||
}
|
||
.archivelist-item::marker {
|
||
text-align: right;
|
||
margin-left: -1.5rem;
|
||
font-size: 0.8125em; /* 13px /16 */
|
||
color: var(--color-gray-90);
|
||
}
|
||
.archivelist-date {
|
||
font-size: 0.8125em; /* 13px /16 */
|
||
color: var(--color-gray-90);
|
||
word-spacing: -0.5px;
|
||
}
|
||
.archivelist-link {
|
||
font-size: 1.1875em; /* 19px /16 */
|
||
font-weight: 700;
|
||
flex-basis: calc(100% - 1.5rem);
|
||
padding-left: .25em;
|
||
padding-right: .5em;
|
||
text-underline-position: from-font;
|
||
text-underline-offset: 0;
|
||
text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
|
||
}
|
||
.archivelist-item-active .archivelist-link {
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
|
||
/* Tags */
|
||
.post-tag {
|
||
display: inline-flex;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
justify-content: center;
|
||
text-transform: capitalize;
|
||
font-style: italic;
|
||
}
|
||
.postlist-item > .post-tag {
|
||
align-self: center;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Tags list */
|
||
.post-metadata {
|
||
display: inline-flex;
|
||
flex-wrap: wrap;
|
||
gap: .5em;
|
||
list-style: none;
|
||
border-top: 1px dashed var(--color-gray-20);
|
||
border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--color-gray-20);
|
||
padding: 3px 0px 3px 0px;
|
||
margin: 0;
|
||
font-size: .8em;
|
||
}
|
||
.post-metadata time {
|
||
margin-right: 1em;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Direct Links / Markdown Headers */
|
||
.header-anchor {
|
||
text-decoration: none;
|
||
font-style: normal;
|
||
font-size: 1em;
|
||
margin-left: .1em;
|
||
}
|
||
a[href].header-anchor,
|
||
a[href].header-anchor:visited {
|
||
color: transparent;
|
||
}
|
||
a[href].header-anchor:focus,
|
||
a[href].header-anchor:hover {
|
||
text-decoration: underline;
|
||
}
|
||
a[href].header-anchor:focus,
|
||
:hover > a[href].header-anchor {
|
||
color: #aaa;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
h2 + .header-anchor {
|
||
font-size: 1.5em;
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
h1 {
|
||
font-weight: bolder;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
summary {
|
||
font-size: 1.5em;
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
margin-bottom: .5em;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
img {
|
||
display: block;
|
||
margin-left: auto;
|
||
margin-right: auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
blockquote {
|
||
display: block;
|
||
margin-left: 2em;
|
||
margin-right: 3em;
|
||
padding-left: 10px;
|
||
border-left: 10px solid var(--text-color-link);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
hr.new {
|
||
border: none;
|
||
border-top: 1px dashed var(--color-gray-50);
|
||
}
|
||
/* Webmention Section */
|
||
|
||
.webmentions {
|
||
display:block;
|
||
text-align: left;
|
||
}
|
||
.webmentions__facepile {
|
||
display:flex;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
flex-wrap: wrap;
|
||
}
|
||
.webmentions__face {
|
||
width: 2rem;
|
||
height: 2rem;
|
||
border-radius: 50%;
|
||
object-fit: cover;
|
||
flex: none;
|
||
}
|
||
.webmentions__list {
|
||
list-style-type: none;
|
||
padding:0;
|
||
}
|
||
.webmentions__item {
|
||
margin-bottom: 2rem;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Single Webmention */
|
||
|
||
.webmention {
|
||
display:block;
|
||
}
|
||
.webmention__meta,
|
||
.webmention__author {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
flex-wrap: wrap;
|
||
}
|
||
.webmention__meta {
|
||
margin-bottom:.5rem;
|
||
}
|
||
.webmention__author {
|
||
margin-right:.25rem;
|
||
}
|
||
.webmention__author__photo {
|
||
height: 3rem;
|
||
width: 3rem;
|
||
border-radius: 50%;
|
||
object-fit: cover;
|
||
margin-right:.5rem;
|
||
}
|
||
.webmention__pubdate {
|
||
font-style: italic;
|
||
}
|
||
/* Message Box */
|
||
.message-box {
|
||
--color-message-box: #ffc;
|
||
|
||
display: block;
|
||
background-color: var(--color-message-box);
|
||
color: var(--color-gray-90);
|
||
padding: 1em 0.625em; /* 16px 10px /16 */
|
||
}
|
||
.message-box ol {
|
||
margin-top: 0;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
|
||
.message-box {
|
||
--color-message-box: #082840;
|
||
}
|
||
}</style>
|
||
</head>
|
||
<body>
|
||
<a href="#skip" class="visually-hidden">Skip to main content</a>
|
||
|
||
<header>
|
||
<a href="/" class="home-link">kfitz</a>
|
||
<nav>
|
||
<h2 class="visually-hidden" id="top-level-navigation-menu">Top level navigation menu</h2>
|
||
<ul class="nav">
|
||
<li class="nav-item"><a href="/">Home</a></li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item"><a href="/blog/">Archive</a></li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item"><a href="/about/">About</a></li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item"><a href="/projects/">Projects</a></li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item"><a href="/presentations/">Presentations</a></li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item"><a href="/teaching/">Teaching</a></li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item"><a href="/feed/feed.xml">Feed</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
<link href="/pagefind/pagefind-ui.css" rel="stylesheet">
|
||
<script src="/pagefind/pagefind-ui.js"></script>
|
||
<div id="search"></div>
|
||
<script>
|
||
window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', (event) => {
|
||
new PagefindUI({ element: "#search", showSubResults: true });
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<main id="skip">
|
||
<heading-anchors>
|
||
|
||
<h1 id="the-wealth-of-networks">The Wealth of Networks</h1>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="post-metadata">
|
||
<li><time datetime="2006-04-17">17 April 2006</time></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/tags/mediacommons/" class="post-tag">mediacommons</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>Henry over at <a href="http://crookedtimber.org/2006/04/15/the-wealth-of-networks">Crooked Timber</a> posted over the weekend about Yochai Benkler’s new book, <em>The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom</em>, which has just been released by Yale University Press. Benkler has also made the book <a href="http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/index.php/Download_PDFs_of_the_book">available</a> in PDF format, and has created a <a href="http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/index.php/Main_Page">wiki</a> for the text, allowing for a different kind of interaction between readers and this text:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>The basic idea is to make this Wiki a place where people who read the book can do at least four things. First, collaborate on writing a summary of the ideas and claims of the book, as an initial point of entry. Second, provide an easy platform through which to access underlying research materials: both those used in the book’s notes, and more importantly, resources that are useful for further research, refinement, and updating. Third, the Wiki should be a place where participants can describe, link to, and analyze examples of the phenomena the book describes. The purpose is not to “make the case” for the book or find “gotcha” counter examples. What we are trying to do is provide a real research tool, annotated bibliography, and platform for collaborative learning. Examples and counter-examples should be selected and described with that purpose in mind. Fourth, the Wiki is itself a learning platform about what is valuable in a learning platform. Through separate pages devoted to ideas and experiments of what can be done with an online book to make it a learning platform, we hope to expand the range of uses to which this Wiki can be available.</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>In certain ways, a wiki is of course the ideal format for such a project, allowing as it does for multiple, collaborative authorship and a relatively boundless expansion. But the wiki seems also to maintain a separation between the primary text and its related paratexts — here are the static PDFs from which the author speaks, and here are the malleable wiki pages on which readers chime in. One of the questions I’m pondering as we move forward with the ElectraPress project is how we might imagine bringing those voices into closer conversation.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="links-nextprev"><li class="links-nextprev-prev">← Previous<br> <a href="/the-anxiety-of-obsolescence/">The Anxiety of Obsolescence</a></li><li class="links-nextprev-next">Next →<br><a href="/more-networked-texts/">More Networked Texts</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<hyvor-talk-comments website-id="9100" page-id="/the-wealth-of-networks/"></hyvor-talk-comments>
|
||
|
||
<div class="webmentions" id="webmentions">
|
||
<h3 id="webmentions-2">Webmentions</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p>No replies yet.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</heading-anchors>
|
||
</main>
|
||
|
||
<footer>
|
||
<p><em>Built with <a href="https://www.11ty.dev/">Eleventy v3.0.0</a>. All content <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en">CC BY 4.0</a> if you're human.</em></p><p></p>
|
||
</footer>
|
||
|
||
<!-- This page `/the-wealth-of-networks/` was built on 2024-12-09T12:15:03.281Z -->
|
||
<script type="module" src="/dist/rJ3_G-2ArF.js"></script>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|