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Kathleen Fitzpatrick
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## Higher Education as a Social Good
---
<br /><smaller>Kathleen Fitzpatrick // @kfitz // kfitz@msu.edu</smaller><br />
<small>http://kfitz.info/presntations/cece.html</small>
<small>http://kfitz.info/presentations/cece.html</small>
Note: Thanks for that introduction, and for having me here today! I'm happy to have the opportunity to talk with you a bit about some of the ideas that originated in *Generous Thinking* and how they might relate to the concerns that you share on the Commission on Economic and Community Engagement.

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## What the Humanities Can Do
---
### Creativity, Collaboration, and the Public Good
---
<br /><smaller>Kathleen Fitzpatrick // @kfitz // kfitz@msu.edu</smaller><br />
<small>http://kfitz.info/presentations/waynestate-251114.html</small>
Note: Thanks for that introduction, and for having me here today! It's been an amazing day of celebration of the humanities, and I'm really thrilled to have a bit of time to share some thoughts about what the humanities can do in the world, and how we might best manifest and demonstrate that power.
![Research Universities for Michigan Economic Impact Report](images/ru4m.png) <!-- .element height="45%" width="45%" --><br />
<smaller>mlive.com</smaller>
Note: Each year, Research Universities for Michigan releases an annual report produced on the economic impact of the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wayne State University, and Michigan Technological University. Together, these four institutions boosted the state economy by nearly $23.9 billion in 2023 -- a figure that they went on to note is *more than 20 times* the funding provided to them by the state.
This is an extraordinary report, which confirms what we all know: public research universities are crucial contributors to the economic well-being of their communities. Our universities not only conduct the research and development that leads to new business opportunities in the state, but also build an educated workforce ready to take on the challenges our communities face now and into the future.
It's great news, and it's particularly great to have numbers that can be used in arguments about the value of public investment in institutions of higher education, especially at a moment when relationships between legislatures and universities are strained. But I want to spend a bit of time today talking about why reports like this make me nervous. It may sound odd, but frankly it's because they do *too good a job* of tying the public vision of the value of the university to its economic impact, and in the process they inadvertently run the risk of undermining the other equally important areas and modes in which the public research university contributes to the well-being of the publics that it serves.
![graph of gains and losses](images/economic.jpg)<!-- .element height="90%" width="90%" --><br />
<smaller>unsplash.com/@m_b_m</smaller>
Note: That is to say, the danger of a report like this one, as positive as its results are, is that it speaks to a particular mindset in American culture that is primed to hear it, with the result that it completely overshadows all of the good that the university does in areas other than the economic. That focus on economic impact may be fine in good times, when taxpayers and legislators feel like they can afford to invest in a broad range of kinds of exploration and education on campus. But in bad times, when budgets are tight and jobs are scarce, many begin to look at those kinds of exploration that don't have obvious or direct economic benefits as "luxuries," as frivolous, as extraneous to the institution's mission -- precisely because the institution's mission, and the public good that it serves, have come to be wholly associated with the economic.
There is, in other words, a deeply ingrained mindset in American culture that lends itself to the assumption that economic development is the primary good that the university can and should serve. This is a mindset that I would love to see us work on changing. It has its underpinnings in our faith in the extraordinary creative potential generated by capitalism, but it leads to the assumption that all of the problems in the contemporary world can and should be approached through market-based solutions.
# #neoliberalism
Note: This tight focus on the market as the telos of contemporary life is often discussed under the umbrella of "neoliberalism" on campus. "Neoliberalism" is admittedly one of those terms that has been so relentlessly misunderstood and misused that it's become a kind of caricature, an empty critique with all the force that "bourgeois" had in the early 1970s, or "postmodern" in the early 2000s, or, from the other side of the aisle today, "critical race theory." It's the kind of term that causes a lot of us just to stop listening, because we know that what's coming is (a) profoundly ideological, and (b) likely not to mean exactly what its speaker thinks it means.
But neoliberalism is nonetheless an important concept, and one that can tell us a lot about what's happened within American culture since the early 1980s -- the forces that have encouraged the public to question the value of institutions of higher education, as well as the other forms of public investment in the public good. In fact, it's part of what's surfaced the question of whether there even *is* such a thing as the public good. Just as Margaret Thatcher argued in the 1980s that there was no such thing as "society," but instead only individuals and families that needed to look out for themselves, so we find today a predominant political perspective in this country that holds that all goods are and should be private rather than public, individual rather than social.
![wall painted with "until debt tear us apart"](images/inequality.jpg)<!-- .element height="90%" width="90%" --><br />
<smaller>unsplash.com/@stri_khedonia</smaller>
Note: The effects of this conviction on our culture today have been corrosive. We have experienced over the last four decades a dramatic increase in inequality, both economic and social, as those who already *have* benefit from an environment in which rewards accrue to the individuals who are already most equipped to pursue them. We have also seen a radical decline in our cultural sense of shared obligations to or even basic care and respect for others. Broadly speaking, we've lost our collective grip on the notions that our individual actions affect others, that we should act with those others in mind, that we share common concerns, and that we are collectively responsible for ensuring that we provide a viable future for all of us. Without those understandings, without a recognition that the global crises we face today require responsible social engagement and collective action, poverty will continue to increase, structural racism will continue to grow, and the very prospect of a livable planet is thrown into serious question.
![female protester in mask](images/protest.jpg)<!-- .element height="90%" width="90%" --><br />
<smaller>unsplash.com/@edrecestansberry</smaller>
Note: So. I want to pause here and acknowledge that I've managed to get in a very few minutes from a highly encouraging report on the economic impact of public research universities to the question of whether the future will be a livable one, and that there are several links along the way that I haven't yet fully explored -- not to mention all kinds of alternative paths that we have available to consider. So let's backtrack a bit. If, as I am arguing here, our overdetermined focus on the economic good that universities provide has the potential to undermine the other kinds of goods that our institutions serve, what are those goods, how are they undermined, what do we lose if we lose them, and how might we begin to ensure that they remain a crucial part of the public vision of what the university is for?
![chart of economic resources](images/resources.jpg)
Note: In order to explore the university's purpose in serving the public good, and the ways that the neoliberal understanding of the university's function have weakened it almost beyond recognition, we might begin by thinking through the distinctions drawn in economics among the four primary types of goods, and the ways they are defined, first, through their "excludability" -- or whether non-paying customers can be prevented from using them -- and second, through their "rivalrousness" -- or whether their use uses them up. Public goods are nonexcludable and nonrivalrous, meaning that no one can be excluded from their use and no one's use uses them up for others. Private goods are typically both excludable and rivalrous, and are typically market-based as a result. Goods that are non-excludable but rivalrous are thought of as common-pool resources, which were assumed for a long time to be subject to the "tragedy of the commons" until the work of Elinor Ostrom demonstrated the potential for shared governance in ensuring their sustainability (a set of ideas that I unfortunately don't have time to dig into today, but that have deep implications for our understanding of how we can create a sense of shared responsibility for shared resources like the public university). Finally, club goods are those that are excludable but non-rivalrous -- goods that are not diminished through use, but that people can be prevented from using unless they pay for them.
![Harvard gates](images/university.jpg)
Note: The question, then, is what kind of goods higher education and the knowledge that it provides and creates are and should be. Knowledge is certainly nonrivalrous; if I have it, and I share it with you, I do not have less of it as a result. The question lies in excludability: where once knowledge and the higher education that fosters it might have been seen as striving to be nonexcludable, making itself available to anyone desiring it, it has since the 1960s increasingly become excludable, restricted to those who can pay. Access to knowledge is today a club good, in other words, rather than the public good that was once imagined to best serve our society: supported by all for the benefit of all.
Those ideals regarding public education were always flawed, even at their most promising moments: our system of land-grant universities was founded on the appropriation of land from indigenous nations, and the GI Bill supported rather than undermined racial inequities. But their underlying ideals were based in an understanding that the university's purpose is the broad education of the public. And that broad education has always been understood to have benefits beyond the directly economic. The Morrill Act of 1862, which established the system of land-grant colleges and universities, designated funds to the states for
> <smallish>"the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, <span style="color:red">without excluding other scientific and classical studies</span> and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote <span style="color:red">the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.</span>" (7 U.S. Code §304)</smallish>
Note: (READ SLIDE.) Liberal *and* practical. Pursuits *and* professions. There are clearly economic goals embedded in this sense of what it is to improve the lot of the industrial classes, but there is also clearly expressed here a desire to create a world that is not just more prosperous but *better* in a much deeper sense.
![painted pebbles, one reading "make the world a better place"](images/better.jpg)<!-- .element height="80%" width="80%" --><br />
<smaller>unsplash.com/@thirdserving</smaller>
Note: The wide array of research done on our campuses in pursuit of that *better* has a range of important social impacts that may not be directly economic. This includes basic research in the bench sciences and the social sciences, but also, and crucially work done across the arts and humanities. These fields help further our shared understanding of how the world works, how it should work, and how it could work. They examine the material world and our interactions with it, as well as the world of ideas and institutions and cultures, enabling us to know more about who we are, about the forces that structure our lives, and about the potential for creating something new. When we focus too narrowly on economic impact, research into gene regulation in fruit flies, or ethics in food distribution and consumption, or migration patterns in the African diaspora, or the history of patronage in early eighteenth-century music, all run the risk of being seen as extraneous, and therefore unworthy of funding, when in fact they extend our understandings of who we are and how we relate to one another in crucial ways. Even more, these projects are not ends in themselves, but the basis for future work in their fields, and that ability to develop and share knowledge in service to a larger project of collective understanding is at the heart of the academic mission.
![man reading and taking notes on a park bench](images/reading-writing.jpg)<!-- .element height="90%" width="90%" --><br />
<smaller>unsplash.com/@skyjlen</smaller>
Note: The challenge, of course, is that our communities off-campus often aren't privy to the reasons why we work on the projects we've selected, or what the importance of those projects might be, and so it winds up appearing that researchers on campus are engaged in the contemporary equivalent of investigations into the numbers of angels that can dance on the head of a pin, wrapping ourselves up in issues that don't matter -- or worse, that aren't real -- rather than those that will have a direct, material impact on the world. On campus, we know that what we do matters enormously, but we too often fail to communicate that significance in ways that connect with the publics around us. And this divide points to a significant structural problem with the ways that scholarly work on campus gets done: ensuring the visibility and the viability of our fields requires us to communicate our work in public-facing ways -- and yet what we're individually rewarded for, both on campus and within our broader fields, is overwhelmingly our inward-facing communication: the articles and books we write with other experts as our imagined audience. Which raises a key question: how can we begin to shift our reward structures on campus such that faculty are encouraged to communicate not just with one another but with the broader world?
# public good
Note: We need to shift those reward structures because we are being called upon collectively to rethink the systems through which we produce and share knowledge both with one another, with our students, and with the world, ensuring that we keep our focus on the larger project of collective understanding that is at the heart of the academic mission. This mission requires us to ensure that knowledge is treated not as a club good, restricted to those on the inside, but as a public good, created for all, available to all.
> This is not a problem for technological innovation or a market product. This requires politics. <br /><br />
--Tressie McMillan Cottom
Note: And this, as Tressie McMillan Cottom reminds us in *Lower Ed*, "is not a problem for technological innovation or a market product. This requires politics." The university's present situation, after all, has its roots not just in economics, but in politics: the institutions that not too long ago aspired to serve as a highly accessible engine of social mobility, making a rich liberal-arts based education broadly available, today face not just a drastic reduction in their affordability but an increasing threat to their very public orientation, as rampant privatization not only shifts the burden of paying for higher education from the state to individual students and families, but also turns the work of the institution from the creation of a shared social good -- a broadly educated public -- to the production of market-oriented individual benefit.
![students in a classroom](images/students.jpg)<!-- .element height="85%" width="85%" --><br />
<smaller>unsplash.com/@sbk202</smaller>
Note: And many of our students are just as embedded in this privileging of individual benefit as is the rest of our culture. They have been told repeatedly that the purpose of a college degree is developing the skill set that will lead directly to a lucrative career -- and given how much they and their families are paying, and indeed going into debt, for that degree, it's understandable that they feel that way. Preparing students to enter the workforce is not a bad thing, and I'm not arguing at all that we should wave that aside. But if the goal of the university should be producing graduates who are not just successful *individual* economic actors, but who are well-rounded humans, who are able to think creatively about the complex conditions in which we live today, and who are willing to contribute not just materially but socially, ethically, even morally to the improvement of the world around them, not just for themselves but for others -- if that's the goal, we need to transform our engagements with our students in order to show them another path.
![lightbulb from Generous Thinking cover](images/generosity.jpg)<!-- .element height="90%" width="90%" --><br />
<smaller>jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/generous-thinking</smaller>
Note: This is generous thinking: finding ways to use our collective knowledge for the public good, demonstrating our deep connections to -- indeed, our responsibility for -- the world around us. The university's educational mission -- one we need to claim ferociously, loudly, publicly -- is cultivating that generous thinking, preparing our students not just for the professions that might lead to wealth production but for the "several pursuits" in life. We are educating the "leaders of tomorrow" not just in the conventionally understood political and business realms, but in the kinds of engagement that will help their communities grow from the grassroots up. And that mission demands that we focus on what is required to make a better world, both on campus and off. It requires that we think about our institutions' often unspoken structural biases, including that toward "economic impact"; it requires us to focus not just on making it possible for more kinds of people to achieve conventionally coded success, but on examining what constitutes success, how it is measured, and why. And that requires a values-first approach to higher education, and an ongoing examination of the ways that those values are instantiated in institutional structures and processes.
![billboard reading "community is strength"](images/community.jpg)<!-- .element height="80%" width="80%" --><br />
<smaller>unsplash.com/@john_cameron</smaller>
Note: So: what if we understood the well-being of communities to lie not just in the individual economic prosperity that can result but in terms of individuals' ability to work together -- to engage in collective action -- toward a wide range of common goals? What areas of the university might we find value in if the kinds of leadership we educate for were focused less on individual professional success and more on connection and collaboration?
![woman with umbrella in air against yellow wall](images/creativity.jpg)<!-- .element height="90%" width="90%" --><br />
<smaller>unsplash.com/@edulauton</smaller>
Note: We'd probably want to start by ensuring that every student on campus receives a deep education in ethics, in creative thinking, and in individual and collaborative expression. These are, as it turns out, skills and qualities that many employers are looking for today, and that too many of our pre-professional graduates don't have the opportunity to develop, as they've been led to understand the liberal pursuits -- the study of literature, of art, of philosophy, of history -- as extraneous to their goal of beginning a remunerative career.
![feet standing on sidewalk painted with "passion led us here"](images/passion.jpg)<!-- .element height="90%" width="90%" --><br />
<smaller>unsplash.com/@goian</smaller>
Note: We'd also want to think about the kinds of studies and stories that we would use to highlight the contribution of universities to a more richly understood social good. Those studies and stories may not have the dramatic numbers that we can point to as evidence of the university's economic impact, but they can play a key role in surfacing the significance of a broad range of work on campus for the publics whom we serve. Producing those stories will require deep faculty involvement, and will thus ask the university to think about how such public-facing work can be understood to "count" in the structures of faculty evaluation and reward. And that public-facing, community engaged work must count, precisely because it can help us communicate the impact of everything that the university does -- not just its economic impact, and not just the benefits that it provides for individuals, but our deeper social and cultural impact, and the benefits we provide for communities and for society as a whole.
![Knowledge Commons logo](images/KCommons.png)
Note: And if we understand the well-being of communities to lie not just in the individual economic prosperity that can result but instead in terms of individuals' ability to work together in community -- to engage in collective action -- toward a wide range of common goals, we might begin thinking about how the university should itself begin to rely on systems that support connection and collaboration. We might think about the infrastructure of teaching itself, and how it might be used to help shape a more richly understood public good. Our institutions have become dependent on a wide range of platforms that deliver our core services -- learning management systems, student information systems, publishing and communication systems, research information management systems -- but by and large these are platforms over which we have little control. They are vendor-owned, corporation-controlled, and as such far more responsible to their shareholders than they are to us, or to our students. They appear to serve needs we cannot fill ourselves, and yet there is no sense of "service" in their relationship to our institutions. Only extraction. They take in our content, they take in our metrics, they take in our vast and growing annual fees, and they leave us dependent, privatized, beholden to economic forces that do not serve the public good.
![Humanities Commons](images/kcommons-092925.png)
<smaller>hcommons.org</smaller>
Note: This is just one of the reasons that my colleagues and I have been working to develop an open-source, open-access, non-profit, academy-owned and governed alternative to such extractive corporate platforms. *Knowledge Commons*, which has its roots in the humanities, instantiates several key principles: first, that higher education will benefit from all of us doing more of our work together, in public, where the publics that we need to support our institutions can begin to see the significance of what we do; and second, that institutions of higher education must do everything they can to resist and reverse the privatization that has overtaken them, restoring service to the public good not just to their mission statements but to the heart of their actual missions.
And part of resisting privatization involves turning away from some of the externally developed and deployed systems on which we have become dependent, and instead reserving our investments, and our labor, for systems and platforms and infrastructures whose missions genuinely align with our own, whose values mirror our own, and to whose governance we can contribute. We need collectively to turn our attention to developing the shared, publicly oriented systems that we can count on to support us as we develop new modes of open knowledge sharing, modes that might help higher education re-engage with the public good.
![Sustainability](images/sustainability.png)
Note: But developing the collaborative, community-supported infrastructure that can create the paradigm shift we need will require some careful thinking about the work that will be necessary to make it sustainable. And that includes not just financial and technical sustainability -- the forms of sustainability that we most often consider in this context. Most importantly, it includes social sustainability, a deep focus on the relationships required to build and maintain our shared infrastructure. Thinking about those relationships under the rubric of social sustainability directs our attention not just to the determination of a group of people to support a particular project, not just to their commitment to the thing they're doing together, but their commitment to the concept of "together" in the first place. Collective action requires a kind of solidarity, in other words, a readiness to put the needs of the whole ahead of local demands, a determination to stand together in support of projects that may not necessarily seem to be our own top priority. And this form of solidarity, I am increasingly convinced, is a necessary prerequisite for successful, sustainable development of non-profit, open-source, community-owned networks and platforms.
![Elinor Ostrom](images/ostrom.png)
<smaller>ubs.com/microsites/nobel-perspectives/</smaller>
Note: The connection between sustainability and solidarity brings us back to the work of Elinor Ostrom, which focused on common-pool resource management. She argued fiercely against the conventional wisdom that the so-called tragedy of the commons was an inevitability given what's been called the "free-rider problem," which derives from the assumption that when individuals cannot be prevented from using commonly-held resources, but also cannot be compelled to contribute to their upkeep, some number of individuals will avail themselves of the resources without supporting them. As the number of free riders grows, the resources become prone to overuse and eventually become unsustainable. Or so the conventional wisdom had it. The only means imagined to help prevent the tragedy of the commons, before Ostrom, was external regulation, whether through privatization or nationalization of the resources involved. Ostrom, however, studied a wide range of community-held fisheries and demonstrated through them that community-based systems and structures for ensuring those resources' sustainability were possible, provided the right modes of self-organization and self-governance were in place. Relationships, in other words.
![Money tree](images/money-tree.jpg)
Note: There are lots of potential examples of free and open digital scholarly platforms and projects that are seeking to provide community-based solutions that avoid the pitfalls of privatization, but all of them face a common problem: there is often sufficient support available for building and implementing such systems, but there aren't funding programs designed to ensure that they can be maintained. And as a result, the tools and platforms often accrue technical debt that becomes increasingly difficult to manage, rapidly making the projects appear unsustainable and thus leaving them in real danger of obsolescence. Some argue that the best means of ensuring the sustainability of such projects is economic: eliminating the free-rider problem by enclosing the commons, requiring individuals or institutions to pay in order to use them. But this privatization is often the very problem that community-developed projects were developed in order to solve. So as with Ostrom's fishing communities, it's incumbent on us to find the right modes of self-organization and self-governance that can keep the projects open and thriving.
![Institutions](images/institutions.png)
Note: Building open platforms and keeping them functioning is not something that any of our institutions can do alone. But it is something that we can do together: we can build and share and maintain the infrastructure that will allow all of us to genuinely *open* education, to make the knowledge we develop for and with our students a public good. I've got a lot more to say about what will be required for us to commit to this work -- especially about the challenges involved in shifting the relationships between our institutions from the competitive to the collective -- but making those changes will enable the university, and the public good that it serves, to become the infrastructure allowing us to build a better world.
![Clip art social network](images/network.png)
Note: So at Knowledge Commons we've been working to develop a model that will encourage organizations and institutions to invest in a shared network, to support it in an ongoing way, to recognize that not only do they belong to the collective, but that the collective belongs to them, and its future depends on them. Making that case requires not just a flexible technology or a workable revenue model but, far more importantly, a compelling governance model, one that gives all of us a voice in the network's future and a stake in its outcomes. As Elinor Ostrom's work demonstrates, building the community that supports a platform like Knowledge Commons, and enabling that community to become self-governing, are the crucial preconditions for its success. This is true for a wide range of open-source, academy-owned infrastructure projects, which require collective action for real sustainability. And it's at the heart of higher education: our institutions of course have different structures, different requirements, different needs. And yet we share the same goals: the development, distribution, and preservation of new forms of knowledge and creative expression, even (and perhaps most crucially) when that knowledge works against the grain of our economic and political structures. That you have all come together here today, looking for ways to support your shared goals, gives me hope.
# generosity
Note: It's a key form of generosity, one that can help us escape the bottom-line orientation of the neoliberal university to embrace instead the wide range of public goods that the university should serve. But if we are to reclaim our public mission, and to reclaim control of the work produced in and by the university, we're going to have to do together, acting not just in solidarity with but with generosity toward one another, toward our students, toward the other institutions to which we are inevitably connected, and toward the public that we all jointly serve. If we are going to develop and sustain the kinds of community-supported infrastructure that can enable open education, we have to genuinely become, and act as, a community.
## thank you
---
<smaller>Kathleen Fitzpatrick // @kfitz // kfitz@msu.edu</smaller><br /><br />
<small>http://presentations.kfitz.info/waynestate-251114.html</small>
Note: I'm delighted to have had this chance to talk with you today as you consider how to continue today's work and tell the creative, collaborative stories of the humanities to the world. Thanks so much.